“Hottest January on record sees the world reach 1.7°C warming mark.
“The global average temperature in January 2024 was 1.7°C above pre-industrial levels for the month, meaning the planet has breached the 1.5°C benchmark for the past 12 months.”
“New UN weather agency chief says rate of global warming is speeding up [she disagrees with Michael Mann, IOW]…
“The new chief of the World Meteorological Organization said it looks to her that the rate of human-caused climate change is accelerating and that warming has triggered more Arctic cold outbreaks in North America and Europe, weighing in on two issues that divide climate scientists.”
“Earth’s global average sea surface temperature has [again] reached the highest level on record this week, with more warming likely in the coming months.
“According to the NOAA OISST v2.1 dataset, our planet’s global average sea surface temperature reached 21.13ºC on February 6. This was 0.83ºC warmer than the 1982 to 2011 average for this date, and the highest global ocean temperature on record for this dataset.”
https://www.weatherzone.com.au/news/global-sea-surface-temperature-reaches-new-record/1785671
“We are now very close to the North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly of June 10 last year, when this graph went viral all over the world.
“I guess people are already getting used to this? Maybe we need more of those new Category 6 Hurricanes to wake people up?”
https://twitter.com/LeonSimons8/status/1755249360751722872
“Meltdown of Alaska’s Columbia Glacier Captured From Orbit…
“Alaska’s Columbia Glacier has significantly retreated over 20 km since the 1980s, with climate change being a major factor. Satellite imagery from 2023 highlights the glacier’s dramatic transformation and the advanced technology used for monitoring these changes.”
https://scitechdaily.com/meltdown-of-alaskas-columbia-glacier-captured-from-orbit/
“Coast guard cadets called in to help as Cape Breton [Canada] digs out from record snowfall…
“Meanwhile, schools and most government offices were closed for a third day across Cape Breton. As well, Nova Scotia Health announced that non-emergency services would be reduced across the island, and in the eastern counties of Antigonish and Guysborough on the Nova Scotia mainland.”
https://globalnews.ca/news/10278390/coast-guard-college-cape-breton-shovelling-snow-storm/
“Record-breaking winter weather devastates tree fruit supply [BC, Canada]…
“A Creston Valley orchard in British Columbia has seen its entire tree fruit supply decimated by the recent extreme winter weather. The region experienced record-breaking low temperatures from January 12 to 14, reaching as low as -27.2 degrees Celsius.”
“Ticks make an early appearance in Minnesota after mild winter.
“The Metropolitan Mosquito Control District in St. Paul said it identified its first deer tick of the 2024 season on Wednesday, several weeks earlier than their usual emergence around March or April… The U.S. government tracks the prevalence of Lyme disease as an indicator of climate change.”
https://scrippsnews.com/stories/ticks-make-an-early-appearance-in-minnesota-after-mild-winter/
“Millions of gallons of raw sewage spills into Pacific after heaving flooding in California.
“On Monday, Long Beach City Health Officer, Dr Anissa Davis, ordered all recreational swimming areas temporarily closed for water contact due to two separate sewage spills. According to a press release from the City of Long Beach, approximately five million gallons of sewage was discharged…”
https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/california-floods-sewage-pacific-weather-b2492439.html
“In Los Angeles, a Growing Sense That ‘Historic’ Weather Is Becoming Normal…
““The weather seems more extreme on every level,” Fred Rosen, a retired entertainment executive, said on Monday, hunkering in the lobby of the nearby Hotel Bel-Air as mudslides threatened his neighborhood. “But where are you going to go?””
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/us/los-angeles-storm-climate.html
“Climate change will bring megafloods to California.
“This extreme storm scenario would produce runoffs 200-400% greater than anything seen before in the Sierra Nevada… The last such megaflood happened in 1861, inundating a 300 mile-long (483km) stretch of the Central Valley and large portions of modern-day Los Angeles…”
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240207-climate-change-will-bring-a-megaflood-to-california
“Insane heat wave in MEXICO highlands, totally unprecedented for this time of the year:
“33.5 [92.3F] Zamora 1561m above sea level; 32.0 Ciudad Guzman 1514m; 29.5 Guanajuato 1996m… Those should be temperatures in the hottest days of the year in June.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1755064010859553188
“Monarch butterfly numbers dip to second lowest level in Mexico wintering grounds.
“The number of endangered monarch butterflies at their wintering areas in Mexico has dropped by 59% this year to the second lowest level since record keeping began, experts said, blaming pesticide use and climate change.”
“Huge waves and high winds hurl jellyfish and seaweed into the streets of Havana…
“Havana residents hunkered down overnight as lights flickered on and off but slowly emerged onto the streets Tuesday morning bundled in jackets and hats as temperatures plunged to as low as 55 degrees Fahrenheit (12 degrees Celsius), unusually chilly for Cuba.”
https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/07/climate/cuba-havana-weather-intl/index.html
“Crazy in the CARIBBEAN. Hundreds of records smashed all over the area.
“Hottest February nights beaten again in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, San Martin, St Eustatius, COLOMBIA (Tmin 28.3C / 82.9F)… Records were broken with the hugest margins ever seen anywhere anytime in a tropical island.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1755288146106028513
“Drought has hit the Panama Canal hard – can it survive climate change?
“…“This is about the worst it’s been,” says Larsen. The resulting traffic jam – with some ships having to wait for more than a month to cross – has already had serious financial consequences for Panama and the world… Things are set to get even worse over the next few months of the dry season.”
“HISTORIC SOUTH AMERICA. 33.7 [92.6F] Lima downtown PERU, its 2nd hottest day on record after a dubious 33.8C in April 1939 in an old station.
“ARGENTINA – more monthly records: 42.2 Santa Rosa; High Tmins: 26.1 Rosario; 25.4 General Pico; 25.3 Pehuajo; 25 Rio Cuarto; 24.8 Pilar; 24.5 Laboulaye.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1755313722481140186
“Hundreds still missing in Chile’s deadly wildfires.
“Wildfires in Chile have left at least a hundred and thirty people dead in recent days. Survivors are left dealing with grief for lost family members while trying to salvage what little is left… On top of mourning their losses, survivors have had to stay alert because of subsequent looting.”
https://news.yahoo.com/hundreds-still-missing-chiles-deadly-053528508.html
“Fire continues to advance on native Patagonian forests in south of Argentina…
“In Chubut, the strong wind and high temperatures have fed the flames at the Los Alerces National Park, recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO due to its biodiversity. Since January 25, thousands of hectares of native forest have been burning in a fire that has still not been controlled…”
“Records keep falling in EUROPE:
“In GREECE hottest February day at Skiathos with 22.6C [72.7F]; In TURKEY record at Edirne with 24.5C. Almost all Europe had its share of record heat in the past weeks, save from Central Mediterranean/Italy. More record heat is coming for Spain and France.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1755267677973598281
“Spain sees warmest January on record…
“The average temperature in mainland Spain for January 2024 was 8.4 Celsius, or 2.4 degrees higher than average for the period and 0.4 degrees above the previous record set in 2016, Aemet said.”
https://phys.org/news/2024-02-january-warmest-spain.html
“Spain is battling a historic drought. Its government says that is a warning for the world…
“With Spain’s government having agreed to ship water to Catalonia to help battle a historic drought, the Spanish environment minister says countries need to realise it is a resource that can no longer be taken for granted.”
“More than 2 million people, 60 percent of them children, need humanitarian aid due to the floods in the last two months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund said.
“The Congo River, the world’s third largest by water discharge volume, has reached levels unseen in more than 60 years due to exceptionally intense rains…”
https://www.laprensalatina.com/dr-congo-floods-leave-more-than-2-million-in-need-of-aid-unicef/
“Most extreme heat wave AFRICA has ever seen. Hundreds records are being pulverized all over from North to South from East to West.
“The GHANA capital Accra 38.0C [100.4F] had its hottest day in history. NAMIBIA and BOTSWANA broke every record for February in the highlands with >40C at 1000m.”
https://twitter.com/extremetemps/status/1755303763089440868
“Torrential rain lashes Türkiye’s Artvin, causing floods, landslides.
“The tranquil landscape of Türkiye’s northeastern Artvin province has been disrupted by recent torrential rains, unleashing havoc in the region with landslides, floods and extensive damage to buildings, particularly impacting the Borçka district.”
“Landslide Kills At Least 4 In Western Georgia.
“Georgian authorities said on February 7 that a massive landslide had killed at least four people overnight in the country’s west. According to the Interior Ministry, more than 200 rescue workers continue to search for five missing people in the village of Negreti…”
https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-deadly-landslide/32808897.html
“Climate change is fueling the disappearance of the Aral Sea. It’s taking residents’ livelihoods, too…
“The Aral has nearly disappeared. Decades ago, deep blue and filled with fish, it was one of the world’s largest inland bodies of water. It’s shrunk to less than a quarter of its former size. Much of its early demise is due to human engineering and agricultural projects gone awry, now paired with climate change.”
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-soviet-union-water-b2492595.html
“Chinese travelers stranded as winter storms throw Lunar New Year travel into chaos…
“In central China, traffic ground to a halt as dozens of highways were closed across Hubei and hundreds of flights were canceled in transit hub Wuhan over the weekend – with more bad weather expected in the greater region over the coming days.”
“At noon on February 7, ice shards fell on the Second Yangtze River Bridge in Wuhan after the freezing weather ended, and some vehicles were damaged.” [footage]
https://twitter.com/yangyubin1998/status/1755223679850758222
“Seven people killed as landslide buries two buses in Philippines mining village.
“Employees at a mining company had been waiting to return home when a landslide struck their vehicles – it is the latest incident in the Philippines following a long spell of extreme weather.”
“Another heatwave forecast for Perth sparks warnings off back of record-breaking weather.
“Preparations are underway across Perth for trains to slow down, tradies to down tools and school students to eat lunch indoors as the city prepares for its second heatwave in two weeks. Temperatures are forecast to reach 39 degrees Celsius on Thursday, peaking at 41C on Friday and Saturday, and remaining in the high 30s into next week.”
“Climate whiplash [for Australia]… What was originally expected to be a mostly dry El Niño summer has instead dispatched almost every possible extreme…
“Such experiences are not confined to Queensland, Australia’s most disaster-prone state. Communities throughout our eastern states, including Victoria and New South Wales, have similarly experienced wild swings between scorching heat and fire risk to intense downpours and flash floods, and back again.”
https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/climate-whiplash-wild-swings-between-weather-extremes/
“Australia’s climate has officially warmed by 1.5C since 1910, according to the Bureau of Meteorology’s long-term record of temperatures.
“The figure is revealed in the bureau’s annual climate statement that found 2023 was Australia’s joint-eighth warmest year on record, with the national temperature 0.98C above the average between 1961 and 1990.”
“Whakatāne [NZ] breaks record for hottest month since [records began in] 1974…
“The average temperature in Whakatāne was 21.6C in January – the highest since records began in 1974, according to the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (Niwa)… People have reportedly been heading to retail outlets in a bid to combat the “warm, muggy and sultry nights”.”
“The Ripple Effect: New Research Indicates That Climate Change Can Trigger Pandemics…
“A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers from MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and the Department of Geosciences at the University of Bremen, alongside the University of Oklahoma in the USA, establishes a connection between variations in temperature and precipitation and the occurrence of pandemics.”
“Pollution risks worsening global water scarcity: Study…
“Water scarcity could affect three billion more people than previously expected by mid-century, with increased pollution rendering river sources “unsafe” for humans and wildlife, researchers warned Tuesday… Human activities are spewing large amounts of nitrogen, pathogens, chemicals and plastics into water systems.”
https://phys.org/news/2024-02-pollution-worsening-global-scarcity.html
You can read the previous “Climate” thread here. I’ll be back tomorrow with an “Economic” thread.
If you found value in this content, please help me continue this work by becoming a patron of my work via Patreon. And if you are already a subscriber or have donated – thank you! It is an enormous help as the cost-of-living crisis ratchets up here in the UK.
Hey we made the news. Our winters have typically been pretty stable. Yes we had a nasty bout of cold here in SE BC. There hundreds of thousands of fruit trees small Creston valley and we export tons and tons of cherries. I hope my grapes survive pull through.
Going to hurt a lot of people.
Thank you for these…saved a couple about the oceans and it is troubling to say the least.
As you expressed, Justin, don’t have any sage advice to give at this stage, especially to young people as an old Boomer….
Global warming pushes ocean temperatures off the charts: study
In 2023, the oceans soaked up around 9 to 15 zettajoules more than in 2022, according to the respective estimates from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Chinese Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP).
One zettajoule of energy is roughly equivalent to ten times the electricity generated worldwide in a year.
“Annually the entire globe consumes around half a zettajoule of energy to fuel our economies”, according to statement.
“Another way to think about this is 15 zettajoules is enough energy to boil away 2.3 billion Olympic-sized swimming pools.”
In 2023, sea surface temperature and the energy stored in the upper 2000 meters of the ocean both reached record highs, according to the study published in the journal Advances in Atmospheric Sciences.
The amount of energy stored in the oceans is a key indicator of global warming because it is less affected by natural climate variability than sea surface temperature.
Folks don’t realize where to look for the real action of GW….it’s hard to fathom how boomers time on the planet transformed it…Why to Go…Rock and Roll Oochie Cooo
Another groundhog day of record breaking temperatures and things disappearing.
Forgive me if I am quiet in the comments section this evening – long overdue haircuts for me and the boys.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayzvXhTRbII&t=162s
“long overdue haircuts” brought to mind the 60s when I was a teen. The redneck white trash in the South could be heard, “You flower power, long haired, rock & roll hippies need to get a haircut & shave!” 😉
Ocean sponges might be telling us something
“A handful of centuries-old sponges from deep in the Caribbean are causing some scientists to think human-caused climate change began sooner and has heated the world more than they thought.
They calculate that the world has already gone past the internationally approved target of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times, hitting 1.7 degrees (3.1 degrees Fahrenheit) as of 2020. They analyzed six of the long-lived sponges — simple animals that filter water — for growth records that document changes in water temperature, acidity and carbon dioxide levels in the air, according to a study in Monday’s journal Nature Climate Change.”
“Other scientists were skeptical of the study’s claim that the world has warmed that much more than thought.”
WAIT FOR IT – WAIT FOR IT – WAIT FOR IT – WAIT FOR IT – WAIT FOR IT
“University of Pennsylvania climate scientist Michael Mann, who wasn’t part of the study, has long disagreed with the IPCC’s baseline and thinks warming started earlier. But he was still skeptical of the study’s findings.”
BOOM THERE IT IS!!!!……………..ON CUE.
https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-warming-sponges-caribbean-391ee1bb3dabb0496f0f2848849418b6
Associated Press, Reuters, CNN, MSNBC & CBS all have Mike Mann AND ONLY Mike Mann on speed dial.
There are thousands of first rate climate scientists in the US, so why does all US corporate-state media call Mike Mann? That’s one big fucken coincidence. Always the same guy.
Mann. Yeah, it’s BS. 😤
ENVIRONMENTAL
One in 10 premature births linked to plastic chemicals: Study
“One in 10 premature births in the United States have been linked to pregnant women being exposed to chemicals in extremely common plastic products, a large study said on Wednesday.
The chemicals, called phthalates, are used to soften plastic and can be found in thousands of consumer items including plastic containers and wrapping, beauty care products and toys.
Phthalates have been known for decades to be “hormone disruptors” which affect a person’s endocrine system and have been previously linked to obesity, heart disease, some cancers and fertility problems.
Because they affect hormones, these chemicals “can precipitate early labor and early birth”, lead study author Leonardo Trasande of New York University’s Langone Health center told AFP.
By analyzing the level of phthalates in the urine of more than 5,000 pregnant women in the United States, the researchers were able to examine how exposure to the chemicals could have affected how early the babies were born.
The 10 percent of mothers with the highest levels of phthalates had a 50-percent increased risk of giving birth before week 37 compared to the lowest 10 percent, according to the study in The Lancet Planetary Health.
Extrapolating their findings across the US, the researchers said that nearly 56,600 preterm births could have linked to phthalate exposure in 2018 alone, roughly 10 percent of the country’s premature births that year.”
https://phys.org/news/2024-02-premature-births-linked-plastic-chemicals.html
Sticking with the corporate think tank model of ‘more is always better’, we need to ingest more plastic so the human body can evolve to accepting plastic as a nutrient that much sooner.
Anyone else notice a new buzzword entering the climate lexicon? “Climate Whiplash”.
After decades of doom-scrolling this stuff I don’t recall seeing that particular phrase before now, especially not being tossed around so glibly, as though it’s already established fact. Suddenly I seem to be seeing it everywhere.
Anyway, there is your ready answer for the question “how can the climate kill us all? that doesn’t seem possible!”
Civilization was only made possible by horticulture and eventually agriculture, and those are only possible if you have reliable rainfall patterns.
We no longer have reliable rainfall patterns. Therefore, it follows that soon agriculture will no longer be possible, at least not on the scale we are gorging on now.
Thank you climate whiplash.
That rhymes with Paul Beckwith’s “Weather Weirding”
In Daniel Quinn’s book “Ismael”, that great ape said that ‘every increase in food production leads to an increase in population’ ….which leads to greater food production which leads to increase in population,etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. We are living in a downward spiral ending in NTHE.
I’m sure that all our paid climate scyintists will be able to deny & talk away all our problems.
Paul Beckwith does himself claim to have invented the term “weather whiplash”.
We’re taking off even faster into extinction.
Arctic News – these guys are the exact opposite Mike Mann. They almost always project the worst case scenario. I don’t know. They’ll take 10 different climate phenomena at claim they are all at their worst case scenario then preform some arithmetic with the sum total = human extinction in 2026 (McPherson). Why all the secrecy with this mysterious chart-N-graph artist extraordinaire Sam Carana? Whatever the deal is with that, it’s self flattery because TPTB, The Golden Billion & the other 7 billion + humans have never been moved by any warnings from any scientist or scientific organization. In fact, as the warnings became more frequent & dire each year, the humans went further in the opposite direction each year & the climate denial industrial complex has spent & corrupted at a whole new level and the true believer amateur Duhnier faithful have a bigger trolling presence than ever, in spite of record fossil fuel extraction and consumption. That most recent COP was absurd. It was like letting convicted pedophiles run the annual Daycare Industry Conference. Going by the data, as far as pro growth climate Duhniers go, they have basically had everything they wanted MORE, yet not only are they still crying & paranoid after everything going their way for 35+ years, but they are getting more. So why are they complaining? Who gets exactly what they want, yet never stops complaining? If one had no grasp of human psychology then one might think the Duhniers are the dumbest & most ungrateful, paranoid, childish crybabies in history and they would be right, but the question that matters is why are they acting that way when the only thing that has slowed fossil fuel consumption is the GFC 2008 and a minor Covid hicup? To know the answer one need only to visit Pan’s great site every other day. The vast majority of the Duhniers know and have, for whatever reasons, adopted the same strategy the Nazis did when the allies were closing in on Germany with the Soviets from the east and Brits, Canadians, US and other allies closing in from the west. Climate Duhniers are going to fight reality to the bitter end, thus leaving themselves and all they hold dear with the worst possible outcome. Because if you are denying, you can’t support taking extra measures to protect critical infrastructure and the citizens. Most of TPTB have done nothing to counter amateur Duhniers and the annual billion dollar + climate denial industrial complex, because that is their best chance of remaining powerful until we are all destroyed. Right wingers (and Tim Watkins) will argue that European countries de-industrialized for the sole purpose of NETZERO, but I doubt that is entirely true. Seems to me bending over for the US empire has done plenty to help de-industrialized. Who helped empire with their worlds worst Eco terrorist attack blowing up the cheap NatGas pipeline? (not to be confused with wartime dam busting which has been an act of war for thousands of years).
End of slightly oversimplified rant………….
~
Blue Ocean Event 2024?
“How likely is an Arctic Blue Ocean Event (BOE) to occur in 2024 or even a Double BOE? The image below is alarming.”
“On February 6, 2024, the daily sea surface temperature reached 21.13°C, the highest on record (going back to 1981). Even higher temperatures may be reached over the coming months, causing a Double Blue Ocean Event (i.e. an Arctic BOE combined with an Antarctic BOE).
As the above image shows, the highest temperatures for the year are typically reached in March. This was the case for the previous years on record, except for 2023 when the current El Niño started to emerge and when the highest peak for the year occurred in August. According to NOAA, the majority of models indicate that this El Niño will persist through March-May 2024.
Antarctic sea ice extent typically reaches an annual minimum end February, while Arctic sea ice extent typically reaches an annual minimum in September, after a steep decline resulting from more sunlight reaching higher latitudes North and ocean heat reaching a second peak in August.
Ominously, daily surface air temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere exceeded 17°C recently, something that never happened before in the record going back to 1981. Antarctic sea ice extent typically reaches an annual minimum end February. Loss of sea ice acts as a self-reinforcing feedback loop, accelerating the temperature rise. The daily surface air temperature in the Southern Hemisphere was 17.005°C on Feb 1, 2024, following a peak of 17.01°C on Jan 31, 2024.”
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/blue-ocean-event-2024.html
I would appreciate any information on what the deal is with Arctic News.
I am not quite sure what you are asking about the Arctic News. The saying goes it doesn’t just stay in the Arctic. As the arctic goes blue it affects everything around it. Part of the reason why this blog was started was because there were many issues that scientists felt were being ignored by the mainstream news and scientific community and IPCC does not even address or ignores in general. One of those things is AMOC and rising methane rates, rising Ocean temps and rising acidity and lower co2 levels. It one big system. You screw with one thing other things go awry. If you follow this blog as long as I have for years. As things get worse it shows up somewhere in the system. I believe Hansen’s newest interview he has stated that they are realizing how sensitive the arctic systems and antarctic systems are to little things which change the rate in change to ice melt acceleration. Lot of this research is getting pushback or censored for various reasons. They also address the moving the lines or times with the ipcc dates to keep it under 1.5 or 2 to have the illusion that everything is okay when it’s not. A lot of these scientists have been trying to speak up for years about these compounding issues. It’s hard when you face criticism such as death cult, they are making up the temperature data and other bs reasons. I believe he documents his links and sources in these posts. Many of these scientists have their own sites where you can get books and see new papers that are out too.
I think i will start posting the most absurd propaganda things i can find as things collapse.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2020/04/22/how-artificial-intelligence-iot-and-big-data-can-save-the-bees/
Here is a good one. Ai will save the bees with a smart bee hive!
Carlson-Putin interview of the Year (or Decade, or Century LOL depending which news source, or as Ritter says, it will “break the internet” LOLOL)
is now up – but 2 hours? Do I have that much time? Or should I print off the transcript and read it in bite-sized chunks over a week? Or wait for the flood of ‘talking heads’ to parse it line by line…?
https://tuckercarlson.com/the-vladimir-putin-interview/
I wonder if the Panama Canal’s malaise is caused by too many ships and is not necessarily purely a climate change problem. Each crossing requires a drain-down to fill the locks – lake-to-lock water is then lost to the sea. I’d like to see some real numbers …
Matt, it sounds like the fundamental problem is the excessive demands placed upon Gatun Lake, which, in addition to filling the canal’s locks, as you say, provides drinking water to two million people and is “tapped for agriculture and mining”.
Panama can get away with this when precipitation is abundant, which it usually is in that part of the world, but not when severe drought hits. El Nino and climate change working in tandem have made the “current drought stand out… 2023 was among the top three driest years in more than a century, and it had the driest October on record.”
It does sound like they have tried to adapt:
“On the canal’s older system of locks, a single ship passage uses about 197 million litres [of fresh water]. On a newer set of locks completed in 2016 – which include several adjacent basins to reuse water – each passage uses about 170 million litres. Those are significant savings, given the new locks were built to accommodate larger ships, but this has also raised the number of ships that can pass through the canal, increasing overall water use, says Joseph Schofer at Northwestern University in Illinois.”